
ECM - Unified Field Theory
(Krutz Model)
13. Spacetime Membrane as a Mechanism
Let's define a term for an atom, cell, planet, solar system, galaxy, and cosmos as 'matter-bodies’. Those matter-bodies have collectively more emergent spacetime coming out from them. This collective emergent spacetime coming out of the matter-bodies compresses against the extant spacetime already there surrounding that matter-body. This then (as already discussed for atoms and planets) forms a spacetime membrane around a matter-body. So the mechanism of creating spacetime membranes help keep all those matter-bodies clumped together.
Spacetime mechanism rotates the perimeter of a galaxy at the same velocity as the rotation at the center of the galaxy (ie. flat rotation curves) while still keeping the galaxy clumped together due to the spacetime membrane on the outside of the galaxy. Additionally, spacetime is always expanding out. On a cosmological level, this mechanism pushes apart, at an accelerating rate, solar systems and galaxies. The result of matter-bodies being pushed apart is incorrectly assumed to be hidden energy. That hidden energy is then labeled as Dark Energy. So the results from this spacetime mechanism is currently attributed to the placeholder of non-existent Dark Energy. So all the observed effects of the continuous “push force” of dark energy are actually due to effects of the continuous “push force” of spacetime. And the “push force” of spacetime is completely due to emergent spacetime being continuously “pushed-out” of matter.
[Note: In the GR framework, spacetime undergoes unbounded expansion, increasing indefinitely, while dark energy scales proportionally to that cosmic volume maintaining a constant energy density. This preserves a uniform pressure contribution across spatial hypersurfaces. However, the origin of this additional energy remains unspecified. GR attributes it to an intrinsic property of spacetime, modeled as the cosmological constant, without identifying a physical source. Furthermore, dark energy has this property of keeping the same density as spacetime stretches. This is not true for ‘normal" energy’. This approach appears to circumvent the First Law of Thermodynamics, which mandates energy conservation within a closed system. As the continuous increase in total dark energy lacks a clear mechanism for energy input, it suggests a violation of classical conservation principles in the absence of a compensatory process. This UFT model solves this issue.]
14. Dark Matter and Dark Energy Effects
The result of spacetime helping keep matter-bodies clumped together is incorrectly assumed to be what is labeled as Dark Matter. But there is no mysterious type of matter outside of what is formed by folding PW. There is however a different type of matter that does not interact via the electromagnetic force. As we previously defined, within the UFT this type of matter is considered as being in “equilibrium”. In this sense, equilibrium matter is non-baryonic, not visible and therefore can be called “dark”. Yet equilibrium matter can be measured through various other different methods, such as gravitational lensing. The equilibrium matter is formed from massive equilibrium particles. The equilibrium particles are formed from 8 negative and 8 positive branes. (This particle was outlined in the Properties and Mechanics of Particles section.) Consequently, equilibrium particles can attract and repel themselves. They do not need a strong or weak force to clump together into matter, to form the smooth and diffuse areas attributed to dark matter. So all the effects observed with “dark matter”, from gravitational lensing due to clusters etc., are all the effects that happen with equilibrium particles being clumped together.
The Lambda-CDM model has both dark matter and dark energy being there at the start of the Big Bang, which makes the math and observations line up. Within the UFT, the effect observed for dark matter comes from matter that is composed of clumped equilibrium particles and the effect observed for dark energy comes from the “push force” of spacetime. Consequently, the more equilibrium matter (ie. dark matter in current physics terms) there is, the more spacetime (ie. dark energy in current physics terms) is created.
Since equilibrium matter provides the additional matter needed to create emergent spacetime, this equilibrium matter was there at the start of the Big Bang in order to provide the needed amount of “'push force” from emergent spacetime for structure formation. Then the equilibrium matter keeps producing more emergent spacetime that is needed for the “push force” which accelerates the rate of expansion of the universe.
The emergent spacetime produced by all matter, but mostly equilibrium matter, increases and expands the universe, stretching spacetime’s volume. This mechanism exerts a positive, outward pressure, mimicking dark energy’s acceleration, as seen in GR’s supernova and CMB data. Extant spacetime resists this push with a growing negative tension, akin to a taut membrane, proportional to the expansion rate. This tension warps spacetime inward around matter, pulling objects toward mass centers, paralleling GR’s negative gravitational potential energy that balances dark energy’s apparent growth with stretching spacetime. Total energy stays constant as emergent spacetime’s push, sourced from matter’s virtual energy, matches extent spacetime’s resistive pull, replicating dark energy’s expansion-energy balance via a physical mechanism, not an abstract constant. This aligns with GR’s observed stretching and cosmic stability.
Essentially, current physics believes that the fabric of the universe itself is stretching (pushing distant galaxies apart faster than the speed of light) while at the same time leaving all other local spacetime-matter interactions intact. Equilibrium matter creating emergent spacetime proposes the more rational model of spacetime growing by addition rather than by stretching, while simultaneously removing the mysterious dark matter and dark energy placeholders.
This role of equilibrium matter is important since objects composed of baryonic matter make up only a small fraction of space. Therefore, there is just not enough of this regular matter by itself to create the needed emergent spacetime to keep the cosmos operating as observed.
15. Compression on an Atom
The example of a spacetime membrane of a planet was used initially because it is easiest to comprehend in its description of relativity. But the same membrane and compression mechanism is happening with an atom. Let’s begin with the description regarding how the amount of emergent spacetime coming out of an atom, correlates to the amount of compression the atom is under. (This compression mechanism on an atom was outlined in Properties and Mechanics of Particles.) If an atom is at rest, with lowest level of compression on it, then a full amount of emergent spacetime will come out. If an atom is being propagated forward (i.e. increasing its movement velocity), then it will have additional increased compression on it, which will decrease the amount of spacetime coming out of it. The amount of emergent spacetime coming out of an atom is a measure of the atom’s time.
Furthermore, when the atom is being propagated forward the emergent spacetime membrane will now have additional compression on it from the extant spacetime surrounding the atom. The extant spacetime becomes a medium of resistance for the atom propagation velocity increase. That additional increased compression by the extant spacetime on the spacetime membrane of the atom has that spacetime membrane in turn. increase compression on the atom that membrane surrounds. This further compresses the atom, which further decreases the amount of emergent spacetime coming out of that atom. Consequently, extant spacetime then acts as a medium of impediment to an atom acceleration. The greater the acceleration of the atom, the greater the impediment of extant spacetime on the atom membrane. So essentially, both the PW field system and the spacetime system are structured to slow down matter, slow down its time and increase its mass if the matter is being accelerated. So both are structures of resistance and impedance for matter.
So if an object is forced to move “more” through space, the additional compression on it will have an inverse result of having “less” time to move through it. This UFT spacetime model outlines the basis for time dilation and length contraction within relativity.
16. Time Properties of Spacetime
Spacetime has its property of “time” propagating forward only. (This result cannot be derived from the current physics Standard Model. The Standard Model description of the behavior of any system, including time, predicts that system must propagate backward as well as forward. Only the hereto outlined emergent spacetime mechanism explains why time only propagates forward.) Since spacetime is a soliton lattice, it does not continuously ‘flow’ as it emerges out of an atom. Spacetime, in terms of space, emerges as connecting segments. Those segments emerge at a rate of trillions of times per second. The exact number of segments per second that emerge from a free and at-rest hydrogen atom is 6.55 x 10 to the 24th power (one yotta). This is the same number as the number of Planck lengths in the diameter of a hydrogen atom, which is 6.55 x 10 to the 24th power.
If a hydrogen atom is part of a larger group of atoms (like a molecule) then it is not free or at rest and is therefore under greater compression. Then that hydrogen atom, which is under more compression than a free and at rest hydrogen atom, will have a slower rate of spacetime segments emerging from it. All the other atoms with more mass than a hydrogen atom, by default, are under more compression and therefore have a slower rate of spacetime segments emerging from them. When the rate of spacetime emerging from an atom is slower, the spacetime segments are longer.
So a more massive atom has more spacetime segments emerging from it, at a slower rate. Essentially, if the conditions for all atoms are the same, there would be a more ‘dense’ amount of slower emerging spacetime segments coming from more massive atoms than there would be from less massive atoms.
Consequently, spacetime in terms of time, is one bit-instant that is updating trillions of times per second, with that bit instant of time correlating to the Planck length soliton lattice segment emergence. (Note: This mechanism aligns with the current concept of quantized spacetime, described as a fundamental, discrete framework of Planck-scale units linked by relational properties, with smoothness emerging at larger scales from their collective behavior and connectivity.)
This mechanism can be compared to an analogy of a computer screen whose images do not “flow” but just refresh. A computer screen has a refresh rate of about 120 frames per second, updating an image on the screen. Those image refresh changes only look like they “flow” because the human eye can only see at a maximum rate of 60 frames per second. So spacetime is like a multidimensional computer screen with an atomic refresh change rate of trillions of frames per second. At that frame rate of change, biological bodies perceive time and images to “flow” continuously.
17. Time Mechanism of Spacetime
So the atoms change in configuration and interaction is not continuous, it happens at one bit-instant intervals, trillions of times per second, as spacetime segments emerge from the atom. So the atom's state is changed/reconfigured instantaneously from one energy eigenstate to another (this is a fundamental feature of QM, where transitions between discrete states do not involve a continuous trajectory). Therefore, there is no past or future, just an ever-changing instant of ‘now’.
Mechanism of atomic change-configuration every bit-instant means there is also a bit-instant, in between, where there is no particle change happening. This means there is a bit-instant of “no-time”. A bit-instant of “no-time” is another paradox and can also be viewed as an eternity. This means that the virtual metric (i.e. quantum system) with its abundant computation capacity, essentially has an eternity to do its computations during every bit-instant of “no-time”, between every bit-instant of emergent spacetime, to obtain a flawless configuration change for atoms. This enables the virtual metric to achieve a computation for a smooth flow of interaction for all atoms and matter within the entire cosmos trillions of times a second.
Since there is no past or future, from a mathematical standpoint, everything is happening at the same moment. This results in mathematical paradoxes at the extremes in many areas of physics.
18. Thought Experiment with Two Atomic Clocks
Imagine an atomic clock. If the atoms within an atomic clock were subject to the atomic clock being accelerated in movement forward, then the atoms of that atomic clock would be under increased compression. The result of increased compression would decrease the amount of spacetime emerging from those atoms. Since “time” is a component of spacetime, we would measure the lower rate of spacetime emergence from those atoms as a slower rate of oscillations of those atoms, which means those atoms are experiencing slower time.
So now imagine a thought experiment with twin stationary atomic clocks side by side on earth. Clock S stays stationary, while Clock M moves at near-light speed travel for a round trip lasting 1 minute in its own frame, returning when 50 years have passed for Clock S. In special relativity (SR), Clock S remains in Earth’s inertial frame, observing Clock M move at near-light speed (e.g., 0.9999999c) for about 25 years outbound and 25 years back, its ticking slowed by time dilation (Lorentz factor γ ≈ 438,000). Clock M, however, shifts frames -accelerating to start, turn around, and stop - ticking normally in its own frame for just 1 minute, while seeing Clock S move relatively. This setup mirrors the twins paradox, where symmetry seems to suggest both clocks should see the other age less, since each perceives the other moving at near c.
The paradox resolves because Clock M’s journey involves acceleration, breaking the symmetry. Clock S follows a straight, inertial path through spacetime, accumulating 50 years of proper time, while Clock M’s path, kinked by acceleration, shortens its proper time to 1 minute. During M’s turnaround, its non-inertial frame causes Clock S’s time to “jump” forward from M’s perspective due to the relativity of simultaneity, aligning the 50-year difference when they reunite.
Tying this to emergent spacetime, imagine a train moving at constant high speed, while a beam of light bounces between vertically facing mirrors. There is a stationary dog outside the moving train and a human inside the moving train observing the light bouncing between mirrors. Within this scenario, to the dog, the light travels a longer diagonal path due to light’s constant speed, stretching time as observed in SR’s velocity-based dilation, while a human inside perceives a shorter vertical path. The human perceives the shorter vertical path because the branes of the particles within the atoms that comprise the body of the human are emitting fewer Planck-length spacetime lattice segments due to the velocity of the body traveling on the train, thereby reducing the emergent spacetime rate emission from the atoms of that body. This scenario extends to Clock M’s journey, which underwent an extreme acceleration through start, turnaround, and stop, which slowed the branes’ emergent spacetime emission rate to just 1 minute of proper time, while Clock S, in a stable inertial frame like the dog’s, sustains a steady emission, accruing 50 years. For inertial frames, velocity reduces the human’s emergent spacetime emission frequency relative to the dog’s, mirroring SR’s dilation without acceleration, as seen in muon decay. Approaching the dog, the human’s ticks appear faster due to a Doppler-like effect on spacetime perception, not increased creation, aligning with relativistic blueshift. Thus, M ages less not from symmetric motion (both see velocity), but from acceleration further slowing emission, consistent with the twins paradox via path-dependent proper time, unifying velocity and acceleration effects in experiments.
(Note: Current physics values GR for its predictive accuracy, forecasting time dilation with precision, without requiring a core mechanism beyond spacetime curvature. In contrast, the UFT posits a fundamental layer where branes emit spacetime lattices. Then the scenarios of the twins paradox using atomic clocks, and the moving train with light beam between mirrors, illustrate how this emergent spacetime mechanism underlies GR’s effects, offering a deeper causal explanation for these known thought experiments.)
19. Cyclic Cosmology
The PW field operates as an open system, actively exchanging information with this cosmos, which is a closed system. But because the PW field is an open system it also exchanges information with numerous other closed-system cosmos’ (i.e. multiverse) beyond this cosmos. Though the PW field’s information content is finite, its propagation velocity remains constant, unaffected by the growing constraints of the increasing quantity of information it accumulates. This mirrors light’s invariant speed, which persists despite bending, scattering, or dimming under constraints like gravity, interstellar gas, or particles that alter its path and intensity across the cosmos.
Conversely, the physical cosmos functions as a closed system, where all matter and phenomena manifest as expressions of the PW field’s core informational state. Most interactions - particle collisions, atomic bonding, or emerging complex systems - increase informational complexity during the cosmos cycle. This unfolds cyclically: a hot Big Bang with inflation launches new cosmic phases; cooling plasma then forms hydrogen and helium atoms, igniting previously detailed syntropy processes that produce increasingly complex matter (from plasma to metals, inorganic crystals, minerals, and organic forms) and then culminating in a cool Big Crunch with hyper-compression, similar to inflation but compressing spacetime instead of expanding (the mechanisms for which will be detailed later). Then the Big Bang to Big Crunch cyclic process begins again forming a bigger subsequent cosmos.
20. Computational Architecture for Matter Interaction
This process of information increasing and growing in complexity is like a computational process. The "input" is the pre-existing information encoded in the interacting components (e.g., their quantum states, positions, energies). The "output" is the resulting state after interaction, which contains "new" information - defined as greater complexity, order, or emergent properties - beyond what was present in the inputs. As matter evolves into increasingly complex systems (syntropy), this process amplifies: simple interactions produce basic structures (e.g., molecules), which then interact to form higher-order systems (like cells, organisms, etc), each step generating informational surplus increase. (This mirrors capitalist notions of wealth creation, where interactions like trade or production yield value exceeding the initial resources, akin to a multiplier effect.) The cosmos, in this view, becomes a dynamic capitalist system that increases the output of new information through recursive interactions.
Consequently, every matter interaction yields greater complexity and information output than its initial state, ranging from plasma’s minimal gain to organic compounds’ maximal yield. The new information, emerging as matter gains complexity, reflects matter producing novel informational states, akin to cognitive processes that similarly generate such states through shared informational dynamics.
20.1 Computational Architecture for Cognitive Interaction
Cognitive experiences can also be viewed through the prism of information, where interactions set up with an input of information then generate an output of new information after the interaction. So cognitive interactions take pre-existing information - sensory data, memories, or environmental states - as inputs and process them through thinking, perception, and behavior to produce an output of novel information states that significantly surpasses the initial informational input. So there is a conservation of energy/information within the closed cosmos system, with the new information generated being uploaded only to the open PW field system. With cognitive interaction, the resulting output exhibits emergent properties and complexity not predictable from the input alone.
This process of new experiences driving new information output accelerates as interactions occur under increased challenges and adversity. This positions new experiences, derived from the interaction of life forms, as a key mechanism to increase new information output, in comparison to the constrained limitations of the slower interaction of pure physical matter alone. This is why interaction of basal life organisms has more new information output than mineral interaction. Interaction of complex life organisms has even more new information output. Interaction of sentient life has even more new information output. Interaction of sapient life has the most new information output. All new information is then added-to/integrated-within the PW field. This is the mechanism through which the PW field itself increases in complexity (i.e. evolves), thereby having more information to then form a bigger and more complex subsequent cosmos cycle. Ultimately, within each cosmos cycle, the optimal strategy, akin to maximizing return on investment in economic terms, is to achieve the greatest yield of new information in the form of new experiences. This is accomplished by fostering the largest population of sapient life subjected and challenged to interact at the highest-level of adversity.
20.2 The PW Field Interface and its Virtual Energy Substrate
As mentioned before, the propagation velocity of the PW field always remains constant. The virtual energy that drives this propagation is distinct from the PW field. If this energy was to cease, then the entire PW field would instantly cease to exist. In this mechanism, continuous internal virtual energy is applied to the PW to result in the work of keeping the formation of the PW as a “field” in existence. This is akin to the description given in the PW field Introduction section describing the mechanism of the PW giving rise to a particle: “In this mechanism, continuous internal force is applied within the PW to result in the work of keeping the formation of the wave packet in existence. Therefore, if the internal force of the PWs is not continuously applied and/or is stopped, the wave packet would cease to exist instantly.”
Thus, the properties of the PW field (information, entropy, charges, compression etc.) are not the properties of virtual energy. PW properties are only the observable and measurable interface for the actual underlying virtual energy substrate that enables the PW field to exist. This is akin to how the properties of a particle are only the observable and measurable interface for the actual underlying PW field substrate that enables the particle to exist.
This virtual energy can be understood as ‘Energy motion’. The shorthand for this is: Emotion.
20.3 Computation Resulting in Increased Entropy
The PW field exhibits maximal entropy with the greatest number of information microstates and highest disorder. Whereas the standard metric it generates, (i.e. the physical world) possesses lower entropy with fewer number of information microstates and heightened order. Thinking of this in terms of Maxwell’s demon; the PW field is the entity sorting the microstates of information to orchestrate physical interactions, like particles colliding or life emerging. The PW computing what interactions happen is the equivalent of Maxwell’s Demon “knowing” and is the cost of orchestrating order. This mechanism will be labeled henceforth as the PW field knowing/computing/orchestrating (KCO).
Unlike in QM, where matter creation and interaction seem random without clear cause, the PW field’s KCO uses its information to deliberately boost syntropy in matter and minds, lowering local entropy in the physical world. This mechanism also generates heat as a by-product, like Maxwell’s Demon’s brain does, internally within the PW field. (This heat is used to form spacetime, detailed later). Over Big Bang to Big Crunch cycles, the KCO mechanism leads to the creation of new information through syntropy, adding it to the PW field to increase its microstates and entropy. Meanwhile, entropy decay scatters unusable energy in the closed system cosmos, keeping energy conserved. Ultimately, KCO produces more information per each closed system cosmos cycle, which increases the PW field open system microstates and total entropy. Consequently, the UFT model outlines a “purposeful mechanism” giving rise to the cosmos’ complex systems. (God does not play dice). This sharply contrasts with the QM model's "accidental randomness," which inexplicably yields the same complex system outcomes.
21. How a Thermal Mechanism Gives Rise to Spacetime
So now we see there are two sources of virtual heat within the virtual energy of the PW Field. First from the disorder of thermal properties of virtual energy movement (described in section 5) and second from the computational work (just described). Then from the frame of a virtual ionosphere, as the PW field folds into a massive brane, it resists the virtual heat, which builds thermal pressure, that then gives rise to a concentrated state identified as a soliton lattice of spacetime.
In this mechanism, the thermal pressure reaches a critical point where it initiates a first-order phase transition, a sudden, system-wide shift in the virtual energy's thermodynamic state. Unlike mechanical pressure from a piston, this thermal pressure arises from the heat’s inability to dissipate, creating a system-wide stress that presses against the foam’s chaotic freedom pushing toward a new equilibrium. This pressure, acting as a global force, destabilizes the high-entropy chaos of the PWs’ virtual energy, compelling it to resolve into a lower-entropy configuration. The pressure disrupts the old equilibrium balance: reducing heat’s freedom to scatter and forcing its energy into a more confined, dense state. During this transition, the heat’s disordered virtual energy condenses into solitons - compact, self-reinforcing wave packets that emerge as stable entities under the compressive influence of the pressure. The pressure forces this condensation by channeling the heat’s thermal chaos into a structured form, like a gas crystallizing under cooling and compression. The virtual heat, as the driver of this pressure, can’t remain diffuse - it’s forced to collapse into solitons, which align into a lattice, a process akin to spontaneous ordering in a supercooled liquid. This resolution lowers local entropy of the lattice structure. Unlike the gradual damping of oscillations, this condensation is abrupt, akin to a gas liquefying under intense confinement, where the heat’s thermal agitation collapses into localized, coherent structures. These solitons then interlock, driven by the uniform pressure, forming a soliton lattice. This is the elastic grid that becomes the liminal framework of spacetime. The pressure’s global reach ensures this isn’t a partial shift but a complete reorganization, compelling the heat to form a stable, lower-entropy grid. The lattice’s formation reflects a spontaneous ordering, with the heat’s chaotic energy reorganizing into a stable network capable of giving rise to measurable properties like curvature and temporal progression in the standard metric.
Within this phase transition, the soliton energy emerges as the sustaining force that locks in the lattice’s structure, tied to the expulsion of the lattice from a brane - a temporary PW configuration holding relativistic mass. Initially, a brane forms as virtual energy transitions into relativistic energy (i.e. mass) but the thermal pressure’s intensity pushes beyond this local state, expelling the lattice as a distinct, permanent entity. The soliton energy - originating from the heat’s condensed thermal content - takes shape as the stabilized energy within the solitons, transitioning from the heat’s disordered state into the lattice’s elastic potential energy. This energy locks in the expulsion by anchoring the solitons’ wave-like coherence, ensuring they propagate indefinitely as a self-sustaining grid, unlike the brane’s (i.e. particle’s) transient nature, which collapses without ongoing force.
Essentially, soliton energy is derived from the heat’s thermal reservoir and represents the condensed, ordered remnant of the heat’s chaotic push, now stored in the lattice’s interconnections. This locking action transforms the heat’s virtual, thermal content into a perpetual force, securing the soliton lattice as spacetime’s enduring structure, bridging the virtual metric’s chaos and the physical realm’s measurable dynamics.
Atom Model
Abstract
This following sections A - E, are not a formal physics tutorial but a brief, general outline of how atoms are currently viewed in quantum mechanics. It is outlined only for setting a shared foundation for readers to understand the new atom model introduced later.
A) Misleading Observations - A pencil analogy will be outlined here to illustrate how observation can mislead our understanding of reality, paralleling the development of the current quantum mechanical theory of electron movement in an atom, particularly regarding electron placement as generalizations of probabilities. Imagine twirling a straight, rigid pencil between your thumb and first finger. In reality, the pencil remains a solid, straight object undergoing simple rotation. However, if you can’t see the middle where it’s being twirled - only the ends moving back and forth - it appears to bend or move in a wavelike manner due to perspective or motion blur. This observational illusion could lead to a theory that the pencil is inherently wavelike, even though its true state is a rigid. Only by uncovering the hidden mechanism (the twirling at the center) does the correct model of a rigid object in rotation emerge.
This mirrors the situation with the electron in an atom, where current observational limits shape our understanding. In the quantum mechanical model, electrons are observed as probabilistic "clouds" around the nucleus, reflecting inherent constraints in what we can measure. Specifically, it appears impossible to accurately observe: (1) the electron’s velocity, which blurs into a statistical distribution due to the uncertainty between momentum and position; (2) the mechanism by which we "see" the actual nucleus, obscured by its quantum nature and the indirect nature of detection; and (3) the covalent electrons interacting between atoms, which manifest as delocalized probabilities rather than trackable motions. These limitations suggest that, like the pencil’s unseen twirl, the electron’s true behavior might differ from the diffuse picture we construct.
B) Electron Placement as Generalizations of Probabilities - Images like orbital diagrams, used by physicists to depict electron placement within atoms, don’t show fixed positions or paths but generalize electron probabilities, reflecting QM’s statistical nature, which varies by interpretation—such as Copenhagen’s probabilistic framework.
C) Probabilistic Nature of Electrons - In QM, electrons don’t trace definite paths like planets orbiting the Sun, as imagined in early models like Bohr’s, which assumed specific trajectories. Instead, QM - often assuming Copenhagen’s interpretation - describes their positions via probability distributions from the wave function’s squared magnitude, per the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle, stating we can’t know an electron’s exact position and momentum simultaneously, thus relying on statistical likelihoods. For example, a 1s orbital appears as a spherical cloud around the nucleus, a region of highest probability peaking at the Bohr radius (about 0.053 nm for hydrogen), fading outward, not confining the electron to a point but marking a statistical boundary (e.g., 90% likelihood).
D) Examples of Orbital Diagrams - A 2p orbital, depicted as a dumbbell with lobes along an axis (e.g., z-axis for p_z), shows higher electron probability there, with a nodal plane (e.g., xy-plane) of zero probability—true specifically for hydrogen’s single electron, as multi-electron atoms like iron distort this shape due to interactions. This doesn’t imply the electron is fixed in those lobes but indicates where it’s more likely detected if measured. A 3d orbital, a four-lobed cloverleaf (e.g., d_xy in the xy-plane), highlights probability regions separated by nodal surfaces, reflecting angular dependence, not a path the electron travels between. Similarly, a 2s orbital, spherical like the 1s but with a radial node of zero probability, generalizes high-probability zones (inside and outside), a statistical picture, not a fixed route.
E) Generalization Through Visualization - These orbital diagrams visualize probability distributions, often bounding where the electron appears a set percentage of the time (e.g., 90%), generalizing behavior over many measurements, not a single instant’s position. In water (H₂O), oxygen’s p orbitals as dumbbells show likely electron locations for bonding with hydrogen, explaining the molecule’s bent shape via directional probabilities, not fixed positions, consistent with QM’s interpretive flexibility. Thus, orbital diagrams are merely statistical tools generalizing electron probability around the nucleus, capturing QM’s wave-like behavior - interpretation-dependent, as Copenhagen suggests - rather than fixed paths or positions, providing a baseline for the new atom model’s foundation.
22. Overview of the Atom Model Within the UFT
This UFT model reimagines electron behavior in an atom within a quantum mechanical framework which is conceptually similar to Bohr’s orbiting electrons while aligning with QM’s observational outcomes. The following description explores a mechanism where electrons orbit and yet appear as clouds.
22.1 Mechanism Description
Electrons exist as discrete entities orbiting the nucleus in "shells”, but their rapid motion manifests as wave/cloud probability distributions in observation. Unlike QM’s inherent probabilistic states, this UFT model posits actual electron paths around the nucleus, each tied to a distinct energy level; however, experimental limits - blurring velocity, obscuring nuclear detail, and delocalizing covalent interactions - render these orbits as 3D clouds in the lab frame, matching QM’s measured distributions. The nucleus’s spin, potentially a physical rotation sustained by the PW Field’s virtual energy rather than solely an intrinsic property, rotates these orbital planes, transforming their initial trajectories into the observed 3D probability distributions (e.g., p orbital dumbbells), as this motion sweeps through all orientations over time. Unlike classical depletion, this spin persists without losing angular momentum, driven by a substrate energy akin to Earth’s super-rotating inner core, where magnetic interactions sustain motion despite friction. The nucleus spins, rotating the plane of the shells, transforming the initially planar wave/cloud distributions into the 3D probability distributions observed in the lab frame, as the spinning nucleus sweeps this plane through all orientations over time to yield these fully three-dimensional shapes. The nucleus does not lose angular momentum and rotational energy to the shells. This is because the virtual energy of the PW Field continuously drives this nuclear spin, sustaining its motion without depletion.
[Note: This is akin to the Earth’s inner core, a solid iron-nickel sphere, exhibits super-rotation, spinning faster than the planet’s surface despite immense friction with the molten outer core. This happens through its magnetic interaction with the outer core’s dynamo, generates additional heat or torque that extends the core’s operational lifespan beyond what standard cooling from primordial and radioactive sources alone would allow. While the core is still slowing over billions of years, this magnetic boost delays the cessation of convection and the geodynamo, preventing it from having died out earlier as might be expected. This is just one of many examples of physical evidence of a persistent energy source as the root cause of matter’s dynamics.]
The electron’s probability distribution in certain shells forms an "oval" (e.g., a dumbbell), with higher likelihood at lobe ends, reflecting observed shapes. Nuclear intrinsic spin, distinct from this rotation, adds a hyperfine perturbation, subtly shifting energy levels (e.g., the 21 cm line) without altering orbital forms.
22.2 How Section 22.1 Meets QM Requirements
Section 22.1’s mechanism aligns with QM’s observational outcomes by positing electrons as discrete entities orbiting the nucleus in quantized shells, which rapid motion transforms into the 3D probability distributions - wave/cloud states - observed in the lab frame, matching QM’s standard solutions derived from Schrödinger’s equation for the hydrogen atom, a cornerstone of non-relativistic QM. These distributions, defined by quantum numbers for energy level, shape, orientation, and spin, replicate QM’s electron states, with a spherically symmetric potential ensuring consistency with measured orbital forms (e.g., p orbital dumbbells). Unlike QM’s intrinsic probabilistic wave functions, where electrons lack physical paths, this UFT model threads the needle by envisioning actual orbits blurred into clouds by experimental limits - velocity uncertainty, nuclear obscurity, and covalent delocalization - yielding the same 3D probabilistic framework QM predicts, supporting superposition and interference (e.g., nodal planes) and bonding (e.g., water’s shape). Energy levels match the hydrogen spectrum, with transitions producing observed spectral lines, while nuclear intrinsic spin adds hyperfine corrections (e.g., the 21 cm line), consistent with QM. The nucleus’s spin, sustained by PW Field virtual energy, rotates these orbits into 3D clouds without angular momentum loss, mirroring QM’s static distributions observationally, thus meeting requirements through outcome equivalence despite a mechanistic departure, as Dirac’s relativistic spin-1/2 framework further refines.
23. Summary
This UFT atom model reframes electron behavior within a quantum mechanical framework, with nuclear spin sustained by PW Field virtual energy - that transforms orbital paths into the 3D probability distributions observed in QM. It reinterprets wave function emergence as rapid motion blurred into clouds, enhancing conceptual insight with a mechanistic narrative, while adhering to QM’s predictive outcomes.
Unlike QM’s intrinsic probabilistic states, this model posits actual electron orbits, yet aligns with observed shapes (e.g., p orbital dumbbells) and phenomena like hyperfine splitting (e.g., 21 cm line), satisfying Schrödinger’s equation for energy levels and wave functions, consistent with the uncertainty principle, superposition, interference (e.g., nodal planes), and bonding (e.g., water’s shape). Matching experimental evidence—hydrogen spectrum, orbital imaging, Zeeman and Stark effects, and spectral intensities (e.g., Balmer series)—this orbit-to-cloud transformation, driven by nuclear spin, offers a directionally accurate extension of atomic understanding within QM’s established framework, threading a Bohr-like vision without conflicting with its empirical foundation.
Addendum Mechanisms of the Atom Model
Magnetic Field Lines - This UFT model’s mechanism preserves QM’s description of magnetic field line interactions without fundamental alteration. In standard QM, magnetic fields couple to an electron’s magnetic moment—arising from orbital angular momentum and spin—splitting energy levels as observed in the Zeeman effect, with field lines shaping the electron’s 3D wave function response. Section 2.1 aligns with this: electrons orbit the nucleus as discrete entities in shells, but their rapid motion, rotated by nuclear spin sustained by PW field virtual energy, transforms these paths into the same 3D probability distributions (e.g., p orbital dumbbells) observed in the lab frame, responding to magnetic fields identically—shifting energies via quantum numbers (ml, ms)—to match QM’s spectral splitting, leaving the field lines’ role and behavior intact.
Extended Covalent Electron Sharing Mechanism - In this UFT model, a single electron covalently spans hundreds or thousands of atoms within a vast, hypothetical system - such as a massive conjugated molecule, engineered nanostructure, or unique covalent lattice - by tracing a rapid, orbit-like path across numerous nuclei. This mechanism reimagines electron behavior as a discrete entity in motion, driven by the PW field’s virtual energy, which sustains its continuous trajectory without depletion, akin to a substrate energy powering dynamic systems. Unlike standard QM, where covalent electrons form localized bonds between adjacent atoms (e.g., H₂ or benzene), this electron’s extensive orbit generates a wavefunction that delocalizes over an unprecedented scale, blurring into a 3D probabilistic cloud due to rapid motion and observational limits - such as velocity uncertainty and detection constraints - reproducing the electron density distributions observed in QM experiments, like molecular spectra and bonding patterns (e.g., delocalized π-bonds in large aromatics).
This time-averaged cloud aligns with QM’s predictive framework, matching measured orbital shapes and energy states without altering established outcomes. Current evidence, showing covalent sharing confined to small atomic groups in typical molecules (e.g., H₂O, CH₄), does not contradict this model, as it applies to an untested, specially designed context; QM’s theoretical flexibility supports wavefunction delocalization over large distances in coherent systems (e.g., conduction bands in solids), and this hypothesis extends that principle to a covalent-like mechanism, remaining feasible within existing data and awaiting experimental validation in tailored setups.
Emergent Spacetime Alignment - In the GR model, ‘dark energy’ is also active within the atom. Thus, dark energy is theoretically deemed to have an infinitesimal push force outward on electrons from the nucleus to also infinitesimally expand the atom size over billions of years. In this UFT model, emergent spacetime accounts for the push force attributed to dark energy. Likewise, in this mechanistic framework of the atom, both the nucleus and electrons emit emergent spacetime, enabling the same infinitesimal push force outward on electrons from the nucleus to expand the atom size, aligning with observed atomic behavior.
Unified Field Theory pdf download
Abstract
This Unified Field Theory (UFT) will define the properties of planewaves, a new entity which is in its essence information. When enough information is aggregated and interconnected, it becomes an algorithmic data structure. Through a similar procedure the algorithmic data structure becomes intelligence and then intelligence becomes consciousness per se. This structure of consciousness will be herein defined as planewaves. These planewaves propagate through each other without interacting. That is, they do not exist in our standard spacetime. But these planewaves are the quantum field, and therefore are also the foundational building blocks for all matter predicted within the Standard Model of Particles as well as the source of spacetime dictated by general relativity. The UFT model integrates quantum mechanics and general relativity, treating both as fundamentally sound, and unifies them into a coherent framework that aligns with their experimental and theoretical foundations without contradicting established evidence. This approach earns the model the label 'directionally accurate,' a term reflecting its consistency with existing knowledge while offering a pathway for future insights, despite the lack of validation with present technology. This directional accuracy is demonstrated through its delineation of a compelling mechanism governing the evolution of all physical laws. Thus, the UFT is poised to evolve over centuries, propelled by the integration of innovative mathematical frameworks it inspires and new experimental data.
PW Field
1. Introduction to Folding PW Mechanism
This model introduces a new entity, called Virtual Energy Compression Plane Waves, or just Plane Waves (PWs) for short and may be regarded as what is commonly seen as the quantum field. Therefore, it can be viewed as the PW field. The PWs are the foundational building blocks for all matter predicted by the Standard Model of Particles. PWs possess the following main characteristics: i) they propagate faster than the speed of light; ii) they propagate in exactly two opposite directions (the reason why this is important will be described later); iii) they are defined by their virtual energy of frequency; iv) they are massless; v) they propagate through one another without interacting; vi) they can compress and fold.
These PWs are not defined within a metric space (i.e. spacetime), therefore, by definition, they cannot be observed or measured. Despite that, the PWs are contained within a virtual spacetime where all the properties of a standard metric space exist (distances can be measured, for example) and all the aforementioned properties of the PWs become well established. All the PWs exist in virtual spacetime packed together resembling a foam.
From here onward, whenever the prefix “virtual” is used it will constitute a particular trait of the PW within the virtual metric, which cannot be directly measured nor detected. However, the PWs will compress and geometrically fold upon themselves through a particular mechanism. In the folding mechanism a force must be applied in a way that the PW folds into itself where work is being exerted onto the PW. The result of this folding mechanism creates what can be described as a crinkle of resistance to the PW, turning the folded region into some sort of resistance to its own motion within that area; we shall label this as being a conductor-of-resistance. Consequently, this crinkle will become what can be interpreted as the wave packet of a particle.
Even the formation of a single fold in the wave packet of the PW begins the process of creating some form of resistance to the PW. This mechanism reduces the oscillation frequency of the wave packet, and consequently, its internal virtual energy as well. This frequency of oscillation is related to the virtual energy with an equation similar to Planck’s equation, Ev=k , where Ev is the PW’s virtual energy, is the oscillation frequency and k is the Krutz constant, which value should be determined through different methods. The reduction of this virtual energy will be converted into relativistic energy in the form of mass, which will also be responsible for its volume and density (- See Appendix at the end of this draft for an illustrated example. -) The PW wave packet can now propagate and becomes interactable with other similarly created wave packets. In this mechanism, continuous internal force is applied within the PW to result in the work of keeping the formation of the wave packet in existence. Therefore, if the internal force of the PWs is not continuously applied and/or is stopped, the wave packet would cease to exist instantly. Similarly, once that internal force is applied, a wave packet is created instantly. When a wave packet has finished its folding process completely, it becomes observable in the standard metric as a PW-brane (or just brane, for short). The brane then becomes interactable and defined as a particle.
Since the virtual metric may be regarded as what is commonly associated with the quantum field, this process of particles being able to instantly come in and out of existence is why zero-point energy exists. Instead interpreting this energy to be the creation and annihilation of particles, they are just going back and forth from the virtual metric to the non-virtual one.
At this point it is important to better define some of the terms that we will be using. We take the “virtual metric” to be the mathematical “place” where the PWs are located. The “virtual energy” is similar to the concept of the standard energy, it is an attribute that PWs possess. However, since PWs are, essentially, made out of virtual energy due to its oscillation frequency, sometimes we can use these two terms interchangeably. However, when talking about the folding/compressions mechanism we will refer to it as “PW”, when speaking about its interaction, we may refer to it as “virtual energy”.
The brane’s relativistic energy not only gives rise to its mass, as previously stated, but its velocity as well. So the brane’s mass m is inversely proportional to its velocity v as v = p/m, with p being a proportionality constant. Within this mechanism, the brane is transforming its total mass into kinetic energy enabling the brane to be massless, therefore propagating at the speed of light.
More folds increase the resistance within the brane and slow its propagation velocity while increasing its mass. This repeated process will provide a general explanation of different masses along with the diverse characteristics of the measured branes. This mechanism of forming a brane with mass also gives rise to the standard metric space (non-virtual spacetime, a procedure which shall be outlined later).
The folding mechanism of the virtual energy of PWs into a brane has been described as an observation based on the standard metric. But the PWs that comprise the virtual metric have many paradoxical characteristics. Their core characteristic is one of being conscious. Therefore, PWs can observe and measure themselves internally within the virtual metric. In order to have a more accurate context of the internal mechanism of the PWs folding into a brane (ie. particle), we will assume the virtual metric’s perspective of reference. In this perspective, the brane will be viewed as a virtual apparatus-of-resistance to the virtual energy of the PW. This virtual apparatus ultimately creates an initial difference in potential within itself to then convert its virtual energy into relativistic energy. Essentially, the virtual apparatus and the brane are the same entity which can be seen as a single dual object. This duality implies that the corresponding virtual components/units/effects can be mapped to their respective non-virtual counterparts. This is the reason why the terms of brane and particle may be interchanged within this UFT description. Within the virtual metric, however, both virtual energy and the virtual apparatus may be described through three different correspondence frames. The former refers to: i) electric current; ii) river current; iii) solar current. The latter refers to an: i) autotransformer; ii) hydro-oscillator; iii) ionosphere. We will now explain each.
1.1 The Three Correspondence Frames of Reference
i) Virtual Electric Current: In this frame, just like a physical autotransformer has coils, the virtual autotransformer also has folds. Then just like a physical autotransformer has electric current going through it, the virtual autotransformer has virtual electric current going through it. But unlike the physical current, which requires voltage to propagate, the virtual electric current propagates without requiring virtual voltage because virtual electric current has a constant velocity. Therefore, virtual electric current has no virtual power. So the equation for the virtual electric current is just the same as for physical electric current P = V I, where V stands for the standard definition of difference in electrostatic potential and P is the power, the energy dissipated over time. A direct consequence of the electric potential difference being equal to zero is that the power must also be zero. However, once there is a difference in potential generated by the virtual autotransformer then that creates power within the virtual autotransformer.
ii) Virtual River Current: In this frame, just like a physical hydro oscillator has a river going through it to generate energy, the virtual hydro oscillator has a virtual river current also going through it to generate power. A virtual river current is similar to the propagating PW foam. Unlike the physical electric current, which must have a difference in potential to propagate, the virtual river current does not within itself need a component to propagate forward. Similarly, both the virtual river current and the virtual electric current have constant velocity without needing any potential difference to propagate from one end to the other. In this mechanism the equation is P = W/t.
iii) Virtual Solar Current: In this frame, just like a physical ionosphere has a physical solar wind of charges going through it, the virtual ionosphere also has a virtual solar current of charges going through it. Similarly, the frames of the virtual solar current and the virtual electric current have charges and all are propagating at constant velocity. In this mechanism the equation is P = dW / dt.
2. Properties and Mechanics of Particles
As outlined in the Introduction, there is a mechanism for PWs in the virtual metric that gives rise to a brane that can interact akin to any particle in the standard metric. We also briefly mentioned that PWs propagate in two opposite propagation directions which will be labeled as “positive” and “negative”, which will result in the observed electric charge of a particle. This also explains the existence of chargeless particles; they are composed of 8 PWs propagating to both sides. Unlike quantum field theory which has different fields that give rise to every particle type, PWs can be viewed as quantum fields that give rise to the whole ensemble of particles, but with only two different types of PW “fields”.
The massless particles (ie. photons and gluons) are formed with only one brane. But all the other massive particles are formed from 16 branes combined in superposition state.
Assuming that each brane of the Superposed Brane Ensemble (SBE) possesses the same mass, then each brane would contribute to its total mass divided by sixteen, which corresponds to 6.25% of the SBE total mass. However, in a more general case, each brane within the SBE contributes to a different amount of the total mass of the particle. So even though the brane formation mechanism is simple, there are a vast number of potential geometric designs, likewise to the simple mechanism of a snowflake formation that offers a vast number of shapes. This generates the many different characteristics (i.e. colour, flavour, spin, leptonic number, isospin and etc) of the particles so far observed. Furthermore, there are SBE formed from eight positive and eight negative PWs which are called equilibrium SBE, currently identified as massive bosonic particles.
2.1 Photons and Neutrinos
Massless particles (like photons) do not carry an electric charge. This is due to all massless particles being formed from one brane of one fold, which enables them to propagate at light speed. But the neutrino also does not carry an electric charge. This is due to the neutrino being an equilibrium particle formed from eight positive and eight negative (16 total) PW branes. Each brane of a neutrino has one fold each, which gives them only infinitesimal mass, therefore enabling them to propagate at nearly light speed.
But a photon interacts via the electromagnetic force while a neutrino does not. Therefore, photons strongly interact with matter while neutrinos only weakly interact with matter. This is due to a photon having a wave-like wiggle movement while a neutrino does not have that same wave-like wiggle movement, just shifting between types. Physics assumes this difference in movement is a correlation to the electromagnetism interaction, while it is the causation behind that electromagnetism difference. In this UFT model, the way a particle moves lets the PWs (field’s) attributes express within particles. So, the wave-like wiggle itself allows the PWs attribute to be expressed as active electromagnetism in a photon but not expressed in neutrinos.
2.2 Massive Equilibrium Particles
The equilibrium matter is formed from massive equilibrium particles. Each brane in those massive particles has many folds. The more folds, the more mass, the slower the particle propagates. The 8 positive and 8 negative branes of equilibrium particles are arranged in a consecutive order, where each opposite brane alternates. Equilibrium particles' negative and positive charges are balanced by their folding symmetry. Unlike a neutron, where proton and electron charges cancel to neutral, the equilibrium particle branes lock into a dynamic self-contained "equilibrium" balance, a standoff not a nullification. This field does not interact with regular matter under normal conditions, because the 8+8 brane equilibrium cloaks their charges internally, showing no net field to couple with electromagnetic or strong forces. Yet, this equilibrium field lets equilibrium particles faintly attract each other, loosely clumping with low-strength binding, while repulsion keeps them from merging tightly. This mechanism forms equilibrium matter. Thus, unlike regular matter, equilibrium matter does not rely on strong or weak forces to clump, forming smooth, diffuse areas. An analogy would be like magnetic nanoparticles with multipole fields or colloidal particles with complex charge distributions, which self-organize into stable, spaced-out aggregates.
Inflation following the Big Bang evenly dispersed across the cosmos equilibrium particles, which then quickly formed equilibrium matter (observed and defined currently as dark matter.) The equilibrium matter then started acting as gravitational scaffolds for the slow evolutionary and organizational buildup required for baryonic matter. This head start, bypassed the prolonged aggregation process baryons face in standard models, thus accelerating the collapse of gas into nebulae, stars, and galaxies etc. Consequently, the JWST’s discovery of numerous, unexpectedly mature galaxies at high redshifts (z ≈ 10-13), formed just 300-500 million years post-Big Bang, aligns with this rapid structuring, explaining their earlier-than-anticipated emergence compared to traditional physics estimates. This model not only aligns with CMB and galaxy data without contradiction but also provides a potential solution to the Horizon problem.
The reason that equilibrium particles labeled as neutrinos do not clump is because they are nearly massless and propagate at near the speed of light.
2.3 Particles as Expressions of the PW Field
As described earlier, the PW field serves as the pre-physical foundation from which all fundamental particles emerge through the straightforward process of brane formation. This mechanism allows for a vast array of potential geometric configurations, each giving rise to the diverse properties observed in particles—such as color, flavor, spin, leptonic number, and isospin. These distinct formations influence how particles propagate or move through spacetime. A particle’s specific combination of geometric structure and propagation dynamics ultimately determines its charge and its capacity to interact electromagnetically, or lack thereof. Thus, while particles exhibit measurable properties, these traits are not standalone characteristics; rather, they derive from and reflect the underlying attributes, dynamics, and conditions of the PW field. In essence, particle properties are "imprints" or "manifestations" of the deeper workings of the PW field, rather than intrinsic qualities existing independently of it.
2.4 Differences of Particle Groups
In this UFT model, particles can be grouped by how they move through space. Outlined below will be description summaries of two groups. Group 1 includes particles that propagate in a rigid, straight-line way, keeping them from interacting with electric charge, while Group 2 consists of particles with a flexible, wobbling motion that enables electromagnetic activity. The particle properties described here aren’t meant to defend quantum field theory (QFT). Instead, they highlight shared traits within specific particle groups, tied to their electromagnetic behavior, to bolster the directional accuracy of this UFT model.
Group 1 encompasses gluons and neutrinos, and they all propagate in a general straight line, like arrows shot in one direction without turning or wobbling. Z bosons (which carry the weak force) travel in a set path defined by their heavy mass, gluons (which carry the strong force) zip along in a locked, wave-like motion, and neutrinos (tiny, nearly massless particles) spiral in a single, unchangeable direction. This rigid, one-way movement means they can’t twist or shift enough to create or interact with electric charge. Instead, they stick to their own forces—weak for Z bosons and neutrinos, strong for gluons—showing that their straight-line propagation keeps them electromagnetically inactive. In the PW field, this could come from plane waves folding into stiff, narrow shapes that only let energy flow in a straight, unbending line.
Group 2 takes into account W bosons, electrons, quarks and photons. Differently from the first group, they all move with a flexible, wobbling motion—like a spinning top that can tilt and sway as it goes. W bosons (charged weak-force carriers) oscillate in multiple directions due to their mass, photons (light particles) wiggle as waves that can adjust to their surroundings, and electrons and quarks (building blocks of matter) spin and jitter with a mix of wave-like and rotational motion. This wobbly, adaptable movement lets them either carry electric charge (W bosons, electrons, quarks) or interact with it (photons), tying them to electromagnetic effects. Unlike the rigid Group 1, their flexibility allows them to bend and shift, enabling charge-related behavior. In the PW field, this might reflect plane waves folding into looser, twisty shapes that let energy wobble and adapt as it propagates.
2.5 Creative and Reactive Mechanisms
While a particle exists within the standard metric, its dual space also exists within the virtual metric of the PWs that surround that particle. In their free and unfolded form, the PWs do not interact with themselves, they still have an intrinsic “compression” potential that does interact with the particle once that particle is formed. Essentially, the mechanism of PW compressing itself into folds is a creative action not a random one. “Creative” is meant here as signifying that PW must have “vision”, “strategy” and “execution” to form a particle. There must be “vision” to see how the particle will behave and become part of more complex structures. There must be a “strategy” in how that particle will be formed to achieve that vision. There must be “execution” involving continuous work and force to form the particle, it is illogical to stipulate that even a simple organized system can come into existence randomly, therefore it is impossible that multiple interconnected-complex-dynamic-organized-systems come into existence randomly. In contrast, the mechanism of PW compressing around an existing particle within it is a reactive action. “Reactive” is meant here as even though the PW itself does not interact with itself, due to the intricate process of forming a massive particle, it will then interact with that particle. This process of interaction is causally connected to the PW ability for compression.
The additional compression by the PWs on the SBE in the dual space of the virtual metric, is therefore increasing the compression on the particle, consequently increasing the mass of the particle. So on one hand the mechanism of internal compression that enables the PW to fold into a particle is creative, on the other hand that same mechanism also enables the PW with an ability for a reactive external compression upon a particle.
We must make note that the folding mechanism is purposeful. It will fold if, and only if, it will create the specific apparatus that will later create a particle in the standard metric. Even though the PW cannot interact with itself, it can interact with the particle it just formed. At that point the PW field (which can be seen as the quantum field) behaves like a foam of compression upon the particle within it. Thus, the compression mechanism of PW compressing around particles is a reactive action.
This reactive mechanism can be better understood with the use of an analogy of an object that is randomly plunging into an ocean. The deeper that object plunges, the greater the external compression would be exerted onto that object by the ocean surrounding that object. This is similar to a massive particle and the free PW surrounding that particle. However, with the massive particle/PW mechanism, the more massive a particle is, the greater the interaction and external compression is exerted onto that particle by the PW surrounding that particle. In turn, the bigger the particle is, the stronger the compression is between the particle and the PWs surrounding it. Consequently, as PW compression on the particle increases, the particle’s mass increases proportionally. Furthermore, if a massive particle is at rest within the PW, there is a set amount of compression on the particle and therefore a set particle mass. But if the particle starts propagating within the PW, then the PW resistance to that particle increases, which leads to an increase of compression on that particle by the PW, which leads to an increase in the particle mass. This mechanism also applies to the atom. The bigger the atom is, the stronger the compression is between the atom and the PWs surrounding it. Consequently, as PW compression on the atom increases, the atoms mass increases proportionally. Furthermore, if an atom is at rest within the PW, there is a set amount of compression on the atom and therefore a set atomic mass. But if the atom starts propagating within the PW, then the PW resistance to that atom increases, which leads to an increase of compression on that atom by the PW, which leads to an increase in the atom's mass.
But while the external compression of the PW on the particle is what gives the particle the majority of its mass, the mechanism of SBE formation is the mechanism which gives a particle its initial measured mass. This interaction between particles, and what can be viewed as the PW field, is currently attributed to the interaction between the other quantized fields and Higgs’. (Within the QFT there is a discrepancy concerning the hierarchy problem with the ‘Higgs boson’ lacking mass, which is resolved once the mechanism of SBE formation is taken into account.) But even in QFT the ‘Higgs field’ doesn't give mass directly to all particles. Instead, it's the consequence of the interaction with the Higgs field that causes certain particles to have mass, which is the exact description given to the interaction of the PW field and particles within it. Ultimately, the particle is simply the PW field temporarily existing in a different and more complex state. It is like ice is water but existing in a temporary, different, more complex state.
3. Properties and Mechanics of a Proton and Neutron
As outlined in the previous section, each particle is formed with different folds, leading to the six different quarks. Multiple repulsing quarks are pulled together until a proton is formed. This is done by eight different gluons, the bosonic particle responsible for the mediation of the strong force. The different gluon branes are formed with different folds, allowing the colour-charge carriers particles to be exchanged between quarks.
Even though gluons become measurable only when there’s an interaction into play, on average, all the quarks are constantly exchanging information with each other. That is, the quarks will be surrounded by several gluon branes resembling a thick “membrane”. This effect is what is currently known as quark confinement.
This strong force membrane acts as a compression mechanism on the quarks within it. Thereby significantly increasing the mass of the quarks. This membrane will interact with other proton’s membranes, pulling in and binding multiple protons to form a bigger nucleus. But the compression of the strong force membrane weakens as it gets stretched out around more protons being pulled together. Thereby each proton has less compression on it by the strong force membrane within the group than it did individually. Within nuclear physics, this is measured and attributed to the mass defect.
We will define the neutron to be a proton with an electron entrapped and rotating inside it. The electron may be found inside the nucleus, between the quarks, at what could be considered the center of the proton. The effective Compton radius of the electron is on the order of 10-13m, while the proton’s nucleus is on the order of 10-15m. This means the electron is approximately two orders of magnitude (a hundred times) smaller than the entire nucleus. Stating that the electron can be found between quarks does not violate the uncertainty principle, as its confinement within such a small region is consistent with the limits imposed by quantum mechanics. This results in the neutron being electrically neutral.
When the electron eventually tunnels through the potential barrier, due to it being a neutron, the quark brane configuration changes and one of the down quarks changes into an up quark, thereby leaving what is observed as a proton.
4. Properties and Mechanics of Entropy and Syntropy
The accepted definition of Entropy is: the measure of disorder within a system. We can express this statement mathematically as S=bln(), where S is the entropy, b is the Boltzmann constant and the number of different states that the system can be in, which essentially is the measure of randomness within a system. In the PW paradigm we define entropy as “a reactive process of a system decaying into randomness” and a new quantity called syntropy as “a creative process of a system organizing into complexity”.
Since the PWs move in opposite directions they can be viewed as in a superposition of the “positive” and “negative” states, which may also be entangled. The system that has the highest entropy is the PW field system of the virtual metric. In-part because it has states of the highest volume and velocity. These are all states of highest randomness, which quantum computers leverage to achieve their superfast computation capability. Due to the PW field having the highest entropy all matter within the standard metric decays (at different rates). This is because matter is being pulled back toward its foundational highest state of PW from which that matter has been temporarily formed from. At the same time, we see systems, from the atomic to the cosmological, organizing into complexity at every level. Therefore, there is an interplay of creative syntropy and reactive entropy constantly happening. This interplay is the most intense within the system of life, where complex organized systems build even more advanced complex organized systems. That interplay within life is so intense that from a cellular aging mechanisms standpoint, it would be accurate to say that a biological body begins to decay from the moment it is born. The reason for this dichotomy is that the system of life requires a vast array of choices to be made from a vast array of options every second. The only way the computation for those choices can be made so fast is by cells leveraging the attributes of randomness in the PW, just like quantum computers do.
Emergent Spacetime
Abstract
A growing number of physicists are reimagining spacetime as an emergent, quantized phenomenon rather than a fundamental entity. However, designing experiments to definitively prove or disprove either the traditional or emergent models remains unfeasible, as we cannot directly probe spacetime’s fundamental nature. Therefore, as long as a proposed model aligns with observations supporting general relativity, such as gravitational lensing or redshift, it remains viable. To bridge general relativity and quantum field theory, the following emergent spacetime concept outlines a novel ‘directionally accurate’ emergent spacetime model.
5. Giving Rise to Spacetime
As outlined in the Three Analogy Frames of Reference, there is an apparatus of resistance that is formed by PW that gives rise to what is understood as the particle. To start the description of spacetime, the specific frame of the virtual solar current and its correlating virtual ionosphere (the description for which was already outlined) will be used and expanded upon.
A component of the overall energy of physical solar wind is heat in the form of thermal energy. Similarly, a component of the overall virtual energy of the virtual solar current is virtual heat in the form of virtual thermal energy. Heat emerging from the motion and collision of PWs is analogous to how temperature emerges from the motion of many molecules, even though we cannot define a temperature for a single particle.
As a very broad and rudimentary example description: the resistance of the physical ionosphere to the physical solar wind moving through gives rise to compression and energy transfer. This develops plasma instabilities that lead to localized convection, altering plasma densities and velocities, to give rise to separate, structured, slower-moving plasma. Similarly, virtual solar current undergoes a process with its corresponding virtual ionosphere, which behaves as a virtual apparatus of thermal resistance to the virtual heat. The virtual solar current has the highest entropy and heat. The thermal resistance within the localized volume/region of the virtual apparatus decreases both the entropy and heat of the virtual solar current. This gives rise to the new form of an emergent phenomenon of spacetime to come into permanent existence (this is in stark contrast to a particle, which is always in a temporary existence.) We can think of this phenomenon of emergent spacetime as a phase transition of the dual space itself. When heat is exchanged, through a first-order phase transition where the virtual characteristics will transition into measurable properties. Thus, spacetime is created. We state this as the thermodynamic law of virtual energy, tying how the virtual apparatus (which still lives in the virtual metric) comes into existence by creating the metric - our standard spacetime itself. (The full mechanism for which will be outlined later in section 21.)
It’s important to notice that the first law of thermodynamics still holds true in the virtual metric, that is, the total virtual energy is conserved. Moreover, the second law of thermodynamics is also valid, some of the virtual energy that will be transferred to the mechanical energy of spacetime will be lost, and cannot be used to exert work.
6. Emergent Soliton Lattice of Spacetime
The measurable properties of spacetime are best described as a soliton lattice. The term "soliton" refers to a special type of wave that propagates while retaining its shape. Solitons are stable and localized, traveling without deformation, even when interacting or colliding with other solitons. The lattice term helps describe spacetime solitons' elasticity, ordered arrangements and mechanical energy. Spacetime is dynamic and interactive, propagating but not moving through itself, it just pushes on itself. Similarly to GR, where spacetime isn’t a fixed stage where physics happens but a dynamic structure, in this UFT emerges from particles, atoms etc. (Two potential mathematical frameworks that could begin to support the UFT model may stem from string theory and loop quantum gravity.)
7. Spacetime as a Smooth Soliton Lattice
Spacetime is a soliton lattice that emerges from particles, but this lattice is "smooth" in a mathematical sense, meaning it behaves like a continuous structure at the scales relevant to GR. We can better define a lattice as quantity that is locally discrete and also smooth, (i.e. infinitely differentiable, that is C∞) lattice if the discrete property becomes negligible globally. This smoothness ensures that the lattice aligns with the principles of GR, so it can be described using a metric tensor which may possess some curvature. Since the soliton lattice and spacetime are the same entity, but viewed from different frames, we will use these two descriptions interchangeably from now on.
In mathematics and physics, lattices (discrete structures) can be associated with smooth properties in specific contexts. For example: discrete spatial structures can still be viewed as a continuous space when averaged over large scales. A very good example of this is that energy can be treated as a continuous quantity in classical physics, despite being intrinsically quantized (discrete) in quantum mechanics. Another example resides in some quantum gravity theories like loop quantum gravity, where at small scales the area becomes quantized but, again, the discrete nature becomes negligible at large scales and we perceive distances as a continuous quantity instead.
In the UFT, the lattice is smooth in the sense that its deformations and dynamics can be described by a continuous metric tensor, as in GR, even if the underlying structure is conceptually a lattice.
The UFT lattice framework matches GR in the sense that: it can be described by a metric tensor, allowing the notion of distances and paths in spacetime to exist; the spacetime is a dynamic quantity, governed by the Einstein field equations; the objects move along geodesics in the curved spacetime, producing the observed effects of gravity.
Assuming the lattice to be smooth in this sense, the UFT aligns with GR at the macroscopic level, even if the lattice’s microscopic structure is discrete. Within the UFT, spacetime can be described as being “liminal”. In this context, "liminal" refers to a state where spacetime exists as a condition that is neither fully tangible and physical, nor purely intangible and virtual.
7.1 Soliton-Lattice Dynamic
Physical lattices emerge as a repeating structure from crystals. In this UFT concept of spacetime, the lattices are liminal (non-physical). Therefore, spacetime emerges as a liminal lattice geometry when solitons organize the lattices into a periodic, repeating structure. During the lattice formation phase within a brane (like the nucleation mechanism for lattices within a physical crystal), the soliton energy locks the lattice structure into a stable, symmetric pattern. This gives rise to a dynamic, weaving, grid-like, self-sustaining, lattice framework.
8. Emergent Spacetime of a Planet
The spacetime emerging from particles is labeled as “emergent spacetime”. The particles form atoms, and atoms aggregate into matter. The larger the emergent spacetime associated with matter is (like a planet), the more this emergent spacetime influences the curvature of the existing background spacetime around it, consistent with GR. The existing background spacetime is labeled as “extant spacetime”. We must stress that the emergent spacetime and extant spacetime can directly interact with each other, pushing on each other. However due to the great amount of extant spacetime all around matter it will push matter to move.
The emergent spacetime associated with the planet is denser or more pronounced because there is more matter contributing to it. The emergent spacetime of the planet reflects the mass and energy of the planet. In this model, the emergent spacetime isn’t separate from the planet but is a property of the planet’s matter, much like how a crowd’s behavior emerges from individual people but isn’t separate from the crowd itself.
But before the planet forms, there’s already a background of extant spacetime, which could be thought of as the previous emergent spacetime from all the other particles and matter that emerged since the big bang. In regions far from matter, this background extant spacetime might be nearly flat (like in empty space), but it still originated as an emergent structure from the universe’s particles and atoms. This extant spacetime is dynamic and flexible, capable of being influenced by new sources of emergent spacetime, like a planet.
9. Emergent Spacetime interaction with Extent Spacetime
In regions with more matter (like a planet), the emergent spacetime is denser and more structured, while in a space devoid of any type of energy (i.e. mass), its intrinsic curvature is zero which will consequently yield a flat spacetime. But once the emergent spacetime has emerged from the planet, its dynamics are governed by its internal force.
Emergent spacetime originates from, and is being continuously pushed out by, the mechanism of PWs folding. The total work done by the folding force over a closed path (folding and unfolding the PW, for example) is always equal to zero. Therefore, the force responsible for the folding mechanism is conservative, and consequently we can define a potential energy related to that force. So when spacetime emerges from matter, it possesses some energy stored in the form of potential energy due to the force applied during the folding mechanism. Then when emergent spacetime interacts with extant spacetime, both exert force onto each other. Imagine as an analogy, a tussle of two supercritical fluids interacting with each other, exerting force on each, to distort each other into curves and swirls.
That is, spacetime itself, viewed as a soliton, stores potential energy and also has linear momentum. Both are sustained indefinitely regardless of its interaction. [Note: As a comparison example, physical soliton waves can sustain their velocity and shape even through interactions with other solitons or obstacles. A soliton is a self-reinforcing, stable wave packet that maintains its form while propagating at a constant speed. This behavior stems from a balance between nonlinear and dispersive effects in the medium they travel through. Even when two solitons collide, what happens depends on the specific system. In many cases solitons pass through each other without losing their original shape or speed after the interaction. This "particle-like" property is a hallmark of solitons and distinguishes them from typical waves, which might interfere destructively or constructively and dissipate energy. This is why soliton pulses carry data over long distances without degrading.]
Therefore, the force of spacetime only interacts with spacetime and not by direct interaction with other matter. While massive particles are “indirectly” interacting with spacetime they seem by all GR observations and measurements to be “directly” interacting with particles. This is because large matter, like planets, are being guided/moved by extant spacetime pushing on the emergent spacetime exiting from planets. It is this effect that we perceive as a planet following through its time-like geodesic.
The “time” aspect of spacetime is what is emerging through the particles that comprise an atom and then out-off the atom. The “space” aspect of spacetime is the liminal structure that then exists outside the atom. Imagine that “time” is the emergent lattice being formed in the folded PW, and the “space” is when that lattice starts “jamming” to form into a soliton outside the atom (more on this below). But the interaction between matter and spacetime is always due to the matter continuously emitting emergent spacetime, which is in turn, continuously interacting with extant spacetime around it. Through this mechanism matter is giving the appearance of interacting directly with spacetime, when it is not. The subtle distinction with massless photons is that they are not being guided/moved, they are tracing a null geodesic, a trajectory where spacetime’s curvature dictates its trajectory without any resistance.
So a planet’s emergent spacetime doesn’t exist in isolation; it interacts with the extant spacetime surrounding it. In this mechanism, the extant spacetime is essentially acting like a “medium of resistance” to the emergent spacetime. Think of this interaction as two overlapping networks of relationships (like two social networks merging). The planet’s emergent spacetime "adds" to the extant spacetime, strengthening and modifying the local structure of spacetime.
This merging isn’t a “physical” collision but a coherent blending of soliton lattices. The combined effect is a single, unified spacetime that reflects the presence of the planet.
10. The Dynamics of the Extant and Emergent Spacetime
In GR, energy curves spacetime, and objects move along the paths defined by this curvature, as we have previously stated, their geodesics. In the UFT, the planet’s emergent spacetime contributes to this curvature by increasing the “magnitude" of spacetime interactions in its vicinity.
The more massive the planet is, the more matter it contains in it, and thus the stronger its emergent spacetime. This stronger emergent spacetime causes a greater deformation of the extant spacetime, resulting in a deeper curvature—exactly as GR predicts.
For example, near the planet, the spacetime curvature is steep, causing objects to "fall" toward it (gravity). Farther away, the planet’s influence weakens, and the spacetime approaches the flatter background state.
The interaction between the planet’s emergent spacetime and the background extant spacetime surrounding it isn’t static; it’s a dynamic equilibrium. As the planet moves, forms, or changes (e.g., gaining or losing mass), its emergent spacetime adjusts, and this adjustment propagates through the extant spacetime, updating the curvature. This propagation happens at the speed of light, consistent with how gravitational influences travel in GR (e.g., gravitational waves).
In the UFT, the emergent spacetime from the planet effectively acts as the source of spacetime curvature, mirroring how mass and energy are the sources of curvature in GR. The interaction between the planet’s emergent spacetime and the extant spacetime is thus a way of describing the same phenomenon: gravity as the curvature of spacetime. The key difference is that in the UFT, spacetime itself is emergent, not fundamental, but the observable outcome (curvature and gravity) aligns with Einstein’s theory.
The emergent spacetime (soliton lattice) from a planet compresses against the extant spacetime (pre-existing soliton lattice), and this compression is the mechanism by which the extant spacetime is forced to alter its shape (i.e., to curve). The compression is driven by a force within the spacetime, which again only directly interacts with itself.
The compressed region of spacetime around the planet forms a "spacetime membrane" - a distinct boundary or layer where the planet’s emergent spacetime interacts intensely with the extant spacetime, creating a transition zone.
11. Compression as a Mechanism for Curvature
In GR, spacetime curvature is a geometric property caused by mass and energy, described by the Einstein field equations. In the UFT, the compression of the planet’s emergent spacetime against the extant spacetime is the physical process that produces this curvature. The compression can be visualized as matter (the planet) deforming spacetime.
Since a planet is a massive body, the “magnitude” of its own emergent spacetime will push against the extant spacetime, causing the spacetime around the planet to compress and deform. This deformation corresponds to the spacetime curvature of GR. The planet’s emergent spacetime having more “magnitude” due to the planet’s mass, "pushes" against the extant spacetime, causing it to compress and deform.
For instance, since there are more atoms in a planet than there are in a bowling ball, consequently there is more spacetime emerging from the former than the later. Therefore, it can be said that there is a greater “magnitude” of spacetime emerging from a planet than a bowling ball. The force of emergent spacetime interacting with extant spacetime determines how this compression propagates and stabilizes.
12. The Spacetime Membrane as a Transition Zone
In the UFT, the spacetime membrane is the region where the planet’s emergent spacetime compresses most intensely, with the steepest curvature, against the extant spacetime, creating a distinct boundary or layer. This membrane marks the transition from the strongly deformed spacetime near the planet to the flatter spacetime farther away.
In GR, there’s no literal "membrane" or boundary in spacetime around a planet, but the spacetime curvature is strongest near the planet and weakens with distance. This membrane can be interpreted as a conceptual way to describe this gradient, emphasizing the dynamic interaction between the planet’s emergent spacetime and the extant spacetime. For example, the membrane might be where the spacetime’s "density" or "tension" is highest, producing a steep gradient in the spacetime structure that corresponds to strong gravitational attraction.
Because the soliton lattice is smooth, the membrane isn’t a sharp, discrete boundary but a smooth transition zone. This ensures that the membrane behaves like a continuous feature of spacetime, consistent with the smooth curvature of GR. The membrane’s smoothness means it can be described by the same mathematical tools as GR, such as the metric tensor, with the compression within the membrane corresponding to changes in the metric that produce curvature.
The compression implies a type of “force” within spacetime and the membrane is a distinct region of intense interaction. In GR, there’ s no such force or membrane, the curvature is a geometric property and not a mechanical process. So, to unite quantum mechanics and GR, the compression and membrane need to go beyond being viewed as a mathematical description for how mass-energy curves spacetime, and instead be viewed as being liminal (between virtual and physical) while functioning within a mechanical process. But because the soliton lattice is smooth, the compression and membrane can be described mathematically in a way that matches the smooth curvature of GR, ensuring consistency.
UFT - Appendix